Master’s Degrees: Definition, Types, Benefits, and Careers

Master’s degrees are postgraduate academic credentials awarded after completing advanced study in a specialized field, positioned between a bachelor’s and a doctoral degree. Graduate programs develop subject expertise, research capacity and professional competency, signifying mastery in an academic or applied discipline.

A master’s program structure and admission involve completing 30 to 60 graduate-level credits over one to three years, with full-time students finishing in two years. Master’s admission requires a bachelor’s degree, minimum Grade Point Average (GPA), standardized test scores like Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) or Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT), letters of recommendation and a personal statement. Some graduate programs, especially in fields like business or education, require prior work experience.

A master’s graduation requirements include coursework completion, maintaining a minimum GPA of 3.0 and fulfilling a thesis, capstone or project. Master’s degrees offer deeper specialization than bachelor’s degrees and emphasize academic theory and research, unlike professional degrees, which focus on licensure preparation.

Master’s degree types and career alignment span fields such as Master of Arts (M.A.), Master of Science (M.S.), Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.), Master of Fine Arts (M.F.A.), Master of Public Administration (M.P.A.), Master of Education (M.Ed.), Master of Public Health (M.P.H.), Master of Social Work (M.S.W.), Master of Laws (LL.M.) and Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.), supporting roles in business, education, public health, technology, creative industries and social services.

Master’s degree graduates qualify for advanced roles including nurse practitioner, data scientist, top executive, school administrator and research scientist. A master’s degree is required for licensure in some roles, including healthcare, education administration and social work.

Master’s degree tuition and fees range between $11,090 and $66,600 annually, depending on location and institution type. Master’s programs at public in-state universities are generally more affordable than graduate programs at private or out-of-state institutions, with online options offering additional savings. Financial assistance for a master’s degree includes fellowships, scholarships, loans, work-study and assistantships, typically accessed through the FAFSA.

Master’s programs use flexible pathways to help applicants from varied undergraduate backgrounds transition through bridge programs or prerequisite coursework. A master’s degree advisor can assist in aligning academic ambitions with program selection, funding strategy and professional objectives.

What Is a Master’s Degree?

A master’s degree is a postgraduate degree awarded by universities after completing a program that demonstrates mastery in a specific academic or professional field. A master’s degree is classified as a graduate-level credential positioned between a bachelor’s and a doctoral degree, representing a significant step in academic progression.

A master’s degree provides advanced knowledge, specialized expertise and high-level analytical or professional skills in a defined discipline. A master’s degree supports academic research or improves career prospects by equipping individuals with the capabilities required for leadership roles or further study.

A master’s degree takes 1 to 3 years, with full-time students finishing in 2 years. A master’s degree requires 30 to 60 semester credits (representing 15 to 16 hours per credit), which is between 10 and 20 college courses. A master’s degree signifies academic achievement beyond the undergraduate level, marking both intellectual depth and professional preparation in a chosen field.

What Are the Requirements for a Master’s Degree?

Find below a list of entry and completion requirements for a master’s degree program.

Educational Background. Educational background includes a completed undergraduate degree from an accredited institution to meet the admission criteria for a master’s program.
Standardized Test Scores. Standardized test scores, such as the GRE or GMAT, are required for master’s program admission, depending on the field of study, program competitiveness or institutional policy.
GPA and Transcripts. GPA and transcripts are submitted to demonstrate academic performance, with master’s programs requiring a competitive undergraduate GPA between 2.5 and 3.0 or higher.
Professional Experience. Professional experience is required by certain master’s programs, particularly programs focused on professional practice or applied disciplines, with specific expectations varying by field.
Letters of Recommendation. Letters of recommendation from academic or professional references are required to support the master’s degree application and confirm the applicant’s potential for graduate-level success.
Statement of Purpose. Statement of purpose or personal statement is required by most master’s programs to present academic goals, research interests and career objectives, to explain alignment with the program. Some master’s programs accept alternatives such as a research proposal, professional resume or video essay.
Coursework. Coursework completion involves 30 to 60 graduate-level credits, varying by institution and program and includes core courses, electives and field-specific modules.
Thesis, Capstone or Final Project. Thesis, capstone or final project is required in many programs to demonstrate subject mastery. Options include original research (thesis), applied research (capstone) or a comprehensive exam. Non-thesis pathways require additional coursework and a final project.
Minimum GPA. Minimum GPA for graduate-level courses is 3.0. Competitive master’s programs enforce higher academic performance standards.
Other Requirements. Other requirements may include a residency component, a comprehensive examination or foreign language proficiency, particularly in humanities or international studies programs.

What Is the Cost of a Master’s Degree?

The cost of a master’s degree is between $11,090 and $66,600 per year in graduate tuition and required fees.

Find below a list of annual master’s degree tuition and fees by institution type.

Public Universities (In-state): between $11,090 and $30,134
Public Universities (Out-of-state): between $16,950 and $66,600
Private Universities (Non-profit): between $7,545 and $53,600

The cost of a master’s degree varies by field of study. A master’s degree in business, engineering or health sciences includes higher annual tuition fees than a master’s degree in education or the humanities due to faculty salaries, smaller class sizes and specialized instructional resources.

The cost of a master’s degree differs between public and private institutions. A master’s degree at a public university costs less for in-state students. Minimum cost of online master’s programs is lower due to fixed per-credit rates and elimination of campus-related expenses, including housing, transportation and campus facility fees.

The cost of a master’s degree is influenced by financial aid availability. A master’s degree is funded through federal or private student loans, scholarships, grants, fellowships, assistantships or work-study programs. A master’s degree applicant applies for federal aid by submitting the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) and qualifies for merit-based or need-based scholarships and grants.
What’s the Difference Between a Master’s and a Bachelor’s Degree?
The primary differences between a master’s and a bachelor’s degree include academic level, depth of study, admission requirements and career outcomes.

A master’s degree is a graduate credential requiring 1 to 3 years after a bachelor’s degree, focused on advanced knowledge and specialized skills in a specific field. A bachelor’s degree is an undergraduate credential taking 4 years, combining general education with major-specific coursework to provide a broad academic foundation.

A master’s degree requires a completed bachelor’s degree and includes test scores or professional experience for admission. A master’s degree curriculum delivers in-depth study, research and practical application in a focused field. A bachelor’s degree requires a high school diploma and offers broad education across disciplines through general and major-specific coursework.

A master’s degree supports access to specialized roles, career advancement and higher earning potential through advanced academic training and professional qualifications. A master’s degree signifies a higher level of academic achievement and subject mastery compared to a bachelor’s degree. A bachelor’s degree prepares graduates for entry-level employment across a broad range of industries.

What’s the Difference Between a Master’s and a Professional Degree?

The key distinctions between a master’s degree and a professional degree are found in structure, purpose and outcomes, though both are graduate-level credentials.

A master’s degree advances academic knowledge in a specific field through research, theory and coursework, supporting doctoral study or deep subject expertise. A professional degree prepares for careers or licensure through practical training and industry application in fields like law, medicine and business, emphasizing readiness for professional roles.

A master’s degree requires 30 to 60 credits and takes 1 to 3 years to complete, combining coursework with a thesis or capstone depending on research emphasis. A professional degree requires 60 to 120 credits and takes 2 to 4 years or more to complete, including internships, clinical rotations and certification exam preparation.

A master’s degree offers flexible academic or applied tracks to build specialized expertise without linking to a specific job. A professional degree provides targeted training for licensed professions through hands-on components like residencies or clinics. An MBA overlaps a master’s and a professional degree, serving academic advancement and career preparation depending on context and use.

What Are the Types of Master’s Degrees?

Find below a list of the common types of master’s degrees.

Master of Arts (M.A.). Master of Arts (M.A.) is a degree emphasizing critical thinking, theoretical knowledge and qualitative research in humanities, social sciences and arts.
Master of Science (M.S.). Master of Science (M.S.) is a degree focused on scientific, technical and quantitative disciplines, emphasizing data-driven methodologies and laboratory work.
Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.). Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) is a professional graduate degree centered on business management, leadership and practical application in organizational contexts.
Master of Fine Arts (M.F.A.). Master of Fine Arts (M.F.A.) is a degree in creative disciplines such as visual, performing and studio arts, combining advanced artistic practice with creative development.
Master of Public Administration (M.P.A.). Master of Public Administration (M.P.A.) is a degree focused on public sector management, policy analysis and administrative leadership.
Master of Public Health (M.P.H.). Master of Public Health (M.P.H.) is a degree concentrating on public health practice, research and policy to improve community health outcomes.
Master of Education (M.Ed.). Master of Education (M.Ed.) is a degree designed for advanced study in educational theory, practice and administration.
Master of Social Work (M.S.W.). Master of Social Work (M.S.W.) is a professional graduate degree preparing students for advanced social work practice, leadership and policy advocacy.
Master of Laws (LL.M.). Master of Laws (LL.M.) is an advanced postgraduate degree for specialized legal study beyond the initial law degree, often focusing on particular legal fields.
Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.). Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) is a research-intensive graduate degree that serves as a precursor to doctoral study, emphasizing independent research and scholarship.

1. Master of Arts (M.A.)

A Master of Arts (M.A.) is a graduate degree focused on the humanities, social sciences and fine arts. The Master of Arts degree includes disciplines such as literature, history, psychology, sociology and communication, requiring 1 to 3 years of study and the completion of 30 to 36 credits. The M.A. degree supports academic or professional goals, prioritizing critical thinking, research and communication skills. An MA degree prepares graduates for careers in education, public relations, writing, counseling and cultural organizations.

2. Master of Science (M.S.)

A Master of Science (M.S.) is a graduate degree emphasizing scientific, technical and analytical disciplines. The Master of Science is offered in fields such as biology, chemistry, engineering, mathematics, computer science and health sciences, taking 1 to 4 years to complete and 30 to 60 credits. The M.S. degree aligns with goals that involve advanced quantitative skills, research capabilities and technical expertise. An MS degree prepares graduates for roles in research, technology, healthcare, engineering and data analysis.

3. Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.)

A Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) is a professional degree designed to develop leadership, management and strategic decision-making skills. The Master of Business Administration focuses on core areas such as finance, marketing, operations, organizational behavior and entrepreneurship, requiring 1 to 3 years to complete and offered in full-time, part-time and online formats to accommodate working professionals. The M.B.A. degree leads to higher-level managerial roles and increased earning potential across industries. An MBA degree suits individuals pursuing career advancement, career transition or entrepreneurial goals.

4. Master of Fine Arts (M.F.A.)

A Master of Fine Arts (M.F.A.) is a terminal degree emphasizing creative practice and artistic development in fields such as visual arts, creative writing, theater and design. The Master of Fine Arts curriculum centers on studio work, workshops and critical theory relevant to the chosen art form, taking 2 to 3 years of intensive study and culminating in a final exhibition or performance. The M.F.A. degree leads to professional artistic careers, college-level teaching and leadership roles in creative industries. An MFA degree attracts artists and creatives seeking to refine their craft and build recognized professional credentials.

5. Master of Public Administration (M.P.A.)

A Master of Public Administration (M.P.A.) is a graduate degree focused on public sector management, policy analysis and organizational leadership. The Master of Public Administration curriculum covers public finance, ethics, program evaluation and governance, requiring 1 to 4 years to complete and offered in multiple formats, including evening and online classes. The M.P.A. degree qualifies graduates for leadership roles in government agencies, nonprofit organizations and international institutions, accompanied by competitive salaries. An MPA degree is ideal for individuals committed to public service or nonprofit management careers.

6. Master of Public Health (M.P.H.)

A Master of Public Health (M.P.H.) is a professional degree that prepares students to address community health challenges and promote population wellness. The Master of Public Health program highlights epidemiology, biostatistics, health policy, environmental health and health education, taking 1 to 5 years of study and offered in full-time, part-time and online formats. The M.P.H. degree equips graduates for roles in health departments, research institutions and global health organizations, leading to leadership positions and competitive compensation. An MPH degree appeals to individuals dedicated to advancing public health and shaping health policy.

7. Master of Education (M.Ed.)

A Master of Education (M.Ed.) is a graduate degree focused on advanced knowledge in teaching, curriculum development and educational leadership. The Master of Education program includes coursework in instructional design, assessment, educational psychology and administration, requiring 1 to 3 years to complete and offered in flexible formats including online and evening classes. The M.Ed. degree strengthens career opportunities for educators, administrators and curriculum specialists, resulting in salary increases and advancement to leadership roles. An MEd degree suits teaching professionals pursuing deeper instructional expertise or transitioning into educational leadership.

8. Master of Social Work (M.S.W.)

A Master of Social Work (M.S.W.) is a professional degree preparing students for advanced social work practice and clinical roles. The Master of Social Work curriculum covers human behavior, social policy, clinical practice and community organization, taking 1 to 3 years and integrating fieldwork or internships as core components. The M.S.W. degree qualifies graduates for licensure and leads to careers in mental health, child welfare, healthcare and social justice, with opportunities for leadership positions. An MSW degree appeals to individuals dedicated to helping vulnerable populations and advocating for social change.

9. Master of Laws (LL.M.)

A Master of Laws (LL.M.) is an advanced law degree for legal professionals seeking specialization or international credentials. The Master of Laws program focuses on areas such as tax law, international law, human rights and intellectual property, requiring 9 months to 4 years of study and offered in full-time, part-time or online formats. The L.L.M. degree enhances career opportunities in specialized legal fields, academia or international practice, accompanied by salary improvements. An LLM degree is chosen by law graduates or practicing attorneys aiming to deepen expertise or expand qualifications.

10. Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.)

A Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) is a research-intensive degree that serves as a precursor to doctoral study or advanced scholarly work. The Master of Philosophy program emphasizes independent research, methodology and critical analysis within a specific academic discipline, taking 2 to 3 years and culminating in a thesis or substantial research project. The M.Phil. degree leads to careers in academia, research institutions or specialized professional roles requiring advanced analytical skills. An MPhil degree appeals to students pursuing scholarly research and preparing for a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) program.

What Are the Benefits of Getting a Master’s Degree?

Find below a list of the benefits of getting a master’s degree.

Enhanced Career Prospects. Enhanced career prospects increase with a master’s degree by opening access to advanced roles and improving job security in competitive industries
Increased Salary Potential. Increased salary potential is shown by master’s degree holders earning a median weekly wage of $1,840, which is 19.25% more than bachelor’s degree holders.
Greater Specialization and Expertise. Greater specialization and expertise result from a master’s degree by offering focused knowledge and high-level skills within a specific field.
Long-Term Educational and Networking Benefits. Long-term educational and networking benefits result from a master’s degree through connections with professionals, faculty and alumni that support ongoing career growth.
Improved Professional Credibility and Advancement Opportunities. Improved professional credibility and advancement opportunities follow a master’s degree by signaling commitment, expertise and qualifications valued by employers.

What Career and Education Opportunities Come With a Master’s Degree?

A master’s degree opens access to advanced roles, increased earning potential and further educational opportunities. A master’s degree equips individuals with specialized skills and focused knowledge that support leadership and niche careers across multiple industries.

A master’s degree leads to career opportunities in healthcare, education, business and technology. A master’s degree leads to positions such as nurse practitioner, physician assistant, school administrator, postsecondary teacher, financial manager, CEO, data scientist and computer research scientist. A master’s degree is required for positions including industrial-organizational psychologist, economist and environmental scientist, and influences salary outcomes based on industry sector, years of experience and geographic region.

Education opportunities with a master’s degree include doctoral study, professional licensure and preparation for advanced academic or applied fields. A master’s degree provides the academic foundation and research skills necessary for Ph.D. programs and is required for admission across different disciplines. A master’s degree enables certification and licensure in fields such as nursing and education administration, expanding access to regulated professional roles. A postgraduate degree is required in industries including healthcare, education administration, library science, petroleum engineering and AI research due to licensure mandates or content specialization.

What Jobs Can You Get With a Master’s Degree?

A master’s degree holder can pursue roles requiring advanced knowledge, leadership or research expertise. Master’s degree graduates work in healthcare as nurse practitioners, physician assistants, healthcare administrators and occupational therapists. Master’s graduates work in the technology industry as IT managers, computer and information research scientists and data scientists. Master’s degree holders work in the business and finance space as financial managers, economists and human resources leaders. Master’s degree graduates work in the education sector as administrators, school counselors and professors. They work in the public administration industry as public health consultants, political scientists and urban planners.

Master’s graduates lead departments, manage projects and conduct research. Master’s degree holders apply specialized knowledge, solve complex problems and make strategic decisions. They have greater decision-making autonomy and take responsibility for outcomes and qualify for higher salaries and receive more promotions to senior positions.

Find below a table of common roles for master’s degree holders.

Job Title	Median Salary	Job Outlook
Computer and Information Research Scientist	$140,910	Growing 26%
Physician Assistants	$133,260	Growing 28%
Nurse Practitioner	$129,210	Growing 46%
Data Scientists	$112,590	Growing 36%
Top Executives	$105,350	Growing 6%

Can You Get a Master’s Degree in a Different Field Than Your Bachelor’s?

Yes, you can get a master’s degree in a different field than your bachelor’s degree.

Master’s degree students sometimes enter programs outside their undergraduate field. Most master’s programs accept applicants with any bachelor’s degree, provided general admission standards are met. Technical or specialized master’s programs require prerequisite courses or proof of foundational knowledge before admission.

Master’s degree students frequently switch academic fields between undergraduate and graduate study. The ease of switching between academic fields depends on field-specific requirements and institutional policies.

Students and professionals change fields to pursue new careers, follow evolving interests, meet advancement or licensure standards or achieve personal academic goals. A master’s study enables this transition through flexible admissions criteria and master’s bridge programs. Master’s bridge programs offer preparatory coursework through non-degree enrollment for students to meet prerequisites before admission to a master’s program.

Find below a list of flexible master’s programs that accept applicants from different academic backgrounds.

Master of Business Administration. Master of Business Administration is a flexible graduate program designed for students from any undergraduate discipline, focusing on business leadership and management.
Master’s in Education. Master’s in Education accepts candidates from diverse academic backgrounds, especially in tracks related to educational leadership, policy or curriculum design.
Master’s in Public Administration. Master’s in Public Administration is open to students from all fields, preparing graduates for public service, government and nonprofit leadership roles.
Master’s in Social Work. Master’s in Social Work welcomes applicants with a wide range of undergraduate degrees, training them for careers in counseling, advocacy and social services.
Master’s in Human Resources or Organizational Leadership. Master’s in Human Resources or Organizational Leadership allows entry from varied fields and prepares students for people management, workforce development and organizational change leadership.

How to Decide What Master’s Degree Should I Get?

Find below the steps on how to decide which master’s degree to get.

Assess Career Goals. Assess career goals by considering how a master’s degree can support advancement or transition into a desired field.
Evaluate Academic Interests. Evaluate academic interests to identify which master’s programs align with personal strengths and passions.
Research Graduate School Options. Research graduate school options by comparing master’s program reputations, faculty expertise and available resources.
Consider Prerequisites and Admission Requirements. Consider prerequisites and admission requirements to ensure eligibility for the intended master’s program.
Consult a Master’s Degree Consultant or Academic Advisor. Consult a master’s degree consultant or academic advisor to receive guidance tailored to individual academic backgrounds and professional objectives.

How to Find the Right Graduate School?

Find below the ways to find the right graduate school.

Career Goals Alignment. Career goals alignment ensures that the graduate school and master’s degree program support long-term professional objectives and targeted industry pathways.
Master’s Program Accreditation. Master’s program accreditation confirms that the graduate school meets recognized quality standards by employers and licensing authorities.
Faculty Expertise and Research Opportunities. Faculty expertise and research opportunities provide master’s degree students access to leading scholars and hands-on projects that enhance learning and career readiness.
Format and Flexibility. Format and flexibility, including online and part-time master’s degree formats, allow students to balance graduate study with work and personal commitments.
Location and Delivery Method. Location and delivery method influence accessibility to campus resources, networking opportunities and overall compatibility with lifestyle during master’s degree study.
Cost, Financial Aid and Reputation. Cost, financial aid availability and institutional reputation affect affordability, return on investment and the long-term value of a master’s degree.
Alumni Outcomes and Support. Alumni outcomes and support systems reflect the graduate school’s ability to connect master’s degree graduates with strong professional networks and career prospects.

Are Master’s Degree Online Programs Available?

Yes, master’s degree online programs are available and offer features including flexible scheduling, the ability to study from any location, asynchronous or synchronous course formats and opportunities to balance education with work or personal commitments. Online master’s degree programs include benefits such as affordability, access to a wider range of schools, networking with peers worldwide and the chance to advance a career without relocating or pausing professional development.

Find below a list of the common fields for online master’s degrees.

Business Administration. Business administration master’s programs online prepare graduates for leadership and management roles in diverse industries.
Public Health. Public health master’s programs online equip students to address health challenges and manage health initiatives in communities.
Social Work. Social work master’s programs online train students to provide support and advocacy for individuals and communities in need.